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Key actions include: Activation of the folate-polyamine-AICAR pathway, triggering AMPK signaling independently of cellular energy depletion Enhanced glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via GLUT4 translocation, resembling insulin-responsive metabolic pathways Interaction with nuclear transcription factors to support antioxidant defense and control of inflammatory pathways Through these mechanisms, MOTS-c functions as a mitochondria-to-nucleus messenger, facilitating cellular adaptation to energy demands and oxidative stress

A foundational study by Ostrovskaya and Gudasheva found that chronic 28-day administration of Noopept increased both BDNF and NGF mRNA levels in the hippocampus without tolerance development

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The two terms refer to the same peptide and both appear in PubMed search results